Sarcoidosis
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1- Definition & Types
2- Causes (Aetiology)
3- Pathophysiology
4- Clinical Features & Examination
5- Investigations
6- Management
7- Complications
8- Core Concepts
Definition & Types
Sarcoidosis is a multisystem granulomatous disease of unknown cause, characterized histologically by non-caseating granulomas.
90% of cases involve the lungs, but any organ may be affected.
Types (Based on presentation or organ involvement):
Pulmonary sarcoidosis (most common)
Löfgren’s syndrome (acute form with erythema nodosum, arthralgia, BHL)
Cardiac, neurological, ocular, hepatic, renal, and cutaneous sarcoidosis

Causes (Aetiology)
Unknown, but likely due to:
Genetic predisposition (HLA class II alleles)
Environmental triggers:
Mycobacteria, propionibacteria, and viruses (theory)
More common in cold climates, and more severe in West Indian and Asian populations
Less frequent in smokers
Pathophysiology
Environmental antigen stimulates the immune system in a genetically susceptible person
T-cell activation → cytokine release
Granuloma formation: compact clusters of epithelioid cells, macrophages, and multinucleated giant cells, without caseation (non-caseating)
Organ infiltration → dysfunction (esp. lungs, lymph nodes, skin, eyes)
Clinical Features & Examination
Highly variable! Often called the “great mimicker.”
– Systemic Presentations:
Asymptomatic (~30%, abnormal CXR or LFTs)
Constitutional: fever, fatigue, weight loss
Löfgren’s syndrome:
Erythema nodosum
Bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy (BHL)
Arthralgia
Uveitis
Usually self-limiting
– Respiratory:
Dry cough, exertional dyspnoea, chest discomfort
CXR: BHL ± infiltrates
Auscultation often unremarkable
– Ocular (5–10%):
Anterior uveitis (can lead to blindness)
– Skin:
Erythema nodosum
Lupus pernio (chronic violaceous plaques on nose/face)
– Neuro:
Cranial nerve palsies (especially CN VII), meningitis, DI
– Cardiac:
Arrhythmias, heart block, sudden death
Other:
Superficial lymphadenopathy
Hypercalcaemia, nephrocalcinosis
Liver, spleen, bone, parotid gland involvement

Investigations
Blood tests:
Lymphopenia
Raised ACE (non-specific marker of disease activity)
Hypercalcaemia / hypercalciuria
Mildly raised LFTs
🩻 Imaging (Box 17.73 – Radiographic staging):
Stage I: BHL only
Stage II: BHL + pulmonary infiltrates
Stage III: Infiltrates without BHL
Stage IV: Pulmonary fibrosis
🔬 Diagnostic procedures:
Bronchoscopy with transbronchial biopsy: non-caseating granulomas
Bronchoalveolar lavage: ↑ CD4:CD8 ratio
PET-CT: to assess systemic involvement
HRCT: perilymphatic nodules, reticulonodular pattern
Lung function: restrictive defect ± impaired gas exchange

Management
Observation if asymptomatic or mild disease (many resolve spontaneously)
Corticosteroids: first-line for symptomatic or organ-threatening disease
Immunosuppressants (e.g. methotrexate, azathioprine): if steroid-resistant
Organ-specific therapy (e.g. pacemaker for cardiac involvement)
Calcium monitoring + hydration to prevent nephrocalcinosis
Complications
Pulmonary fibrosis
Pulmonary hypertension
Cor pulmonale
Bronchiectasis
Aspergilloma
Blindness (from uveitis)
Cardiac arrhythmias → sudden death
Hypercalcaemia-related kidney damage
Core Concepts
Non-caseating granulomas = diagnostic hallmark
BHL on CXR in asymptomatic person → Think sarcoid
Löfgren’s syndrome = good prognosis
Always check calcium, ACE, LFTs, and consider HRCT
Steroids = mainstay treatment, but not always needed
Screen for cardiac and ocular involvement even if asymptomatic