The liver is connected to the duodenum
by the hepatoduodenal ligament (the thickened free edge of the lesser omentum that conducts the portal triad: portal vein, hepatic
artery, and bile duct)

The jejunum contains circular folds along
with the duodenum. The circular folds are
absent in the ileum and large intestine

When the gastric mucosa is contracted, it
is thrown into longitudinal ridges known as
gastric folds or rugae

The caudate lobe of the liver, covered with
visceral peritoneum, forms the superior boundary of the omental foramen (epiploic foramen,
or foramen of Winslow), an opening situated
posterior to the free edge of the lesser omentum
(hepatoduodenal ligament)

The superior (1st) part of the duodenum
lies anterolateral to the body of L1 vertebra

The inferior or horizontal (third) portion
of the duodenum is crossed by the superior
mesenteric artery and vein and the root of the
mesentery of the jejunum and ileum

The arterial supply of the abdominal part
of the esophagus is from the left gastric artery,
a branch of the celiac trunk, and the left inferior phrenic artery

The gastroduodenal artery and its
branches, the superior anterior and posterior
pancreaticoduodenal arteries, supply the duodenum proximal to the entry of the bile duct
into the descending (second) portion of the
duodenum

The esophagus has internal circular and
external longitudinal layers of muscle. In its
superior third, the external layer consists of
skeletal muscle, the inferior third is composed
of smooth muscle, and the middle third is made
up of both types of muscle

The bile and pancreatic ducts enter the posteromedial wall of the 2nd portion of the duodenum

The pampiniform plexus is part of the
thermoregulatory system of the testis, helping
to keep this gland at a constant temperature

The duodenojejunal junction is supported
by the suspensory muscle of the duodenum (ligament of Treitz)

The testes are covered with a tough fibrous coat know as the tunica albuginea

The sympathetic nerve supply of the stomach from T6 through T9 segments of the spinal cord passes to the celiac plexus through the
greater splanchnic nerve

The superior mesenteric and splenic veins
unite to form the portal vein posterior to the
neck of the pancreas

The sympathetic fibers in the nerves to the
jejunum and ileum originate in the T5 through
T9 segments of the spinal cord

The left gastro-omental artery arises from
the splenic artery and courses along the greater
curvature to anastomose with the right gastroomental artery

The greater omentum has considerable
mobility and moves around the peritoneal
cavity with peristaltic movements of the viscera. It wraps itself around an inflamed organ
such as the appendix, walling it off and
thereby protecting other viscera from it. For
this reason, the great omentum is referred to
as the “policeman of the peritoneal cavity

The autonomic nerves of the testis arise as
the testicular plexus of nerves on the testicular
artery, which contains vagal parasympathetic
fibers and sympathetic fibers from the T7 segment of the spinal cord

The peritoneal cavity is a potential space of
capillary thinness between the parietal and visceral layers of peritoneum. It contains no organs
but rather a thin film of peritoneal fluid that
lubricates the peritoneal surfaces

he tunica vaginalis is a closed peritoneal
sac partially surrounding the testis, which represents the closed-off distal part of the embryonic processus vaginalis

The lesser omentum connects the lesser
curvature of the stomach and the proximal part
of the duodenum to the liver

The epididymis lies on the posterior surface of the testis, which is covered by the tunica
vaginalis except at its posterior margin

The root of the mesentery crosses (successively) the ascending and horizontal parts of
the duodenum, abdominal aorta, inferior vena
cava, right ureter, right psoas major, and right
testicular or ovarian vessels

The large intestine can be distinguished
from the small intestine by teniae coli, haustra,
and omental appendices