Branches of the aorta in the thorax include the posterior intercostal, bronchial, esophageal, and superior phrenic arteries

The intercostobrachial nerve communicates with the medial brachial cutaneous nerve

The accessory hemiazygos descends on the left side of the vertebral column from T5 through T8

The azygos vein receives blood from the posterior intercostal veins, vertebral venous plexuses, mediastinal veins, esophageal veins, and bronchial veins

The breast is supplied by the internal thoracic, lateral thoracic, thoracoacromial, and posterior intercostal arteries

Thoracic vertebrae have costal facets or demifacets on their bodies, costal facets on the transverse processes (for the first 9 or 10 thoracic vertebrae), and long spinous processes

The esophagus is compressed by the aortic arch, left main bronchus, and diaphragm

The hemiazygos vein receives blood from the left subcostal vein, ascending lumbar veins, the inferior three posterior intercostal veins, inferior esophageal veins, and small mediastinal
veins

The serratus posterior inferior depresses the ribs

The thymus is supplied by the anterior intercostal and anterior mediastinal branches of the internal thoracic artery

The sternoclavicular joint is a saddle-type synovial joint

The superior mediastinum contains the thymus, great vessels and their branches, vagus nerves, phrenic nerves, cardiac plexus, left recurrent laryngeal nerve, trachea, esophagus, thoracic duct, and prevertebral muscles

The posterior mediastinum includes the thoracic aorta, thoracic duct, posterior mediastinal lymph nodes, azygos and hemiazygos veins, esophagus, esophageal plexus, thoracic sympathetic trunks, and thoracic splanchnic nerves

While a person is supine, the arch of the aorta lies superior to the transverse thoracic plane

The chest consists of 12 pairs of ribs, the sternum, costal cartilages, and 12 thoracic vertebrae

The musculophrenic artery gives rise to anterior intercostal arteries for intercostal spaces 7–9

The branches of the right coronary artery include the SA nodal, right marginal, posterior interventricular, and AV nodal arteries

The superior and inferior bronchopulmonary segments of the superior lobe of the left lung combine to form the lingula

The pericardium receives blood supply from the pericardiacophrenic artery, musculophrenic artery, bronchial arteries, esophageal arteries, superior phrenic arteries, and coronary arteries

The mammary glands are modified sweat glands

Anterior and posterior intercostal arteries pass between the internal and innermost intercostal muscles

Chest pain may result from cardiac disease, pulmonary disease, intestinal problems, gallbladder disorders, and musculoskeletal disorders

Visceral afferent fibers are distributed to bronchial mucosa, bronchial muscles, interalveolar connective tissue, and pulmonary arteries and veins

The levatores costarum are innervated by the dorsal primary rami of C8–T11.

The diaphragm receives somatic efferent and afferent innervation—not sympathetic innervation