Saturn Medic
Embryology (Respiratory System)
MCQ
1 / 10
The trachea is lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells. This epithelium is derived from
The epithelial lining of the entire respiratory system (from tracheal epithelium to type I pneumocytes lining alveoli) is derived from endoderm.
2 / 10
In which stage of lung maturation is the blood–air barrier established?
The simple cuboidal epithelium within the terminal sacs differentiates into pneumocytes within the terminal sac period. The rapidly proliferating capillary network makes intimate contact with the terminal sacs, and the blood–air barrier is established with type I pneumocytes. These events take place in the terminal sac period, which runs from embryonic week 24 until birth
3 / 10
Within hours after birth, a baby whose mother is diabetic had a rising respiratory rate and labored breathing. The baby became cyanotic and died. Postmortem histological examination revealed collapsed alveoli lined with eosinophilic material. What is the diagnosis?
Respiratory distress syndrome is common in premature infants and infants of diabetic mothers. It is caused by a deficiency or absence of surfactant. Collapsed alveoli and eosinophilic material consisting of fibrin (hyaline membrane) can be observed histologically, indicating associated hyaline membrane disease.
4 / 10
Collapse of bronchi caused by failure of bronchial cartilage development is indicative of which one of the following congenital malformations?
Congenital neonatal emphysema is a malformation involving the bronchi. One or more lobes of the lungs are overdistended with air because air can be inspired through collapsed bronchi but cannot be expired.
5 / 10
Pulmonary hypoplasia is commonly associated with which condition?
During normal development, a space is provided for the prolific growth of the bronchial buds in a lateral and caudal direction. This space, which is part of the intraembryonic coelom, is called the primitive pleural cavity. If this space is reduced by herniation of abdominal viscera, lung development will be severely compromised.
6 / 10
Smooth muscle, connective tissue, and cartilage of primary bronchi are derived from which of the following sources?
The epithelium of primary bronchi is derived from endoderm; the other components are derived from visceral mesoderm.
7 / 10
Components of the blood–air barrier in the lung are derived from which of the following sources?
The blood–air barrier comprises the structures through which gaseous exchange occurs between air in alveoli and blood in pulmonary capillaries. The attenuated pulmonary epithelium (type I pneumocytes) is derived from endoderm. The simple, squamous epithelium (endothelium) lining pulmonary capillaries is derived from visceral mesoderm.
8 / 10
A young mother brings her recently born infant into your office and complains that the infant gags and chokes after swallowing milk. A physical examination indicates excessive saliva and mucus around the mouth and nose, abdominal distention, pneumonitis, and radiographs indicate air in the infant’s stomach. What is the most likely cause?
Tracheoesophageal fistula is an abnormal communication between the trachea and esophagus that results from an improper division of the foregut by the tracheoesophageal septum. It is generally associated with esophageal atresia and polyhydramnios.
9 / 10
Development of which of the following is the first sign of respiratory system development?
Development of the respiratory system begins in week 4; the first sign of development is formation of the respiratory diverticulum in the ventral wall of the primitive foregut.
10 / 10
The respiratory diverticulum initially is in open communication with the primitive foregut. Which of the following embryonic structures is responsible for separating these two structures?
When the tracheoesophageal folds fuse in the midline, they form the tracheoesophageal septum. This septum is responsible for separating the adult trachea ventrally from the esophagus dorsally
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