Cell Injury & Adaptations — General

Cell Injury & Adaptations MCQs: practice questions

Sample Cell Injury & Adaptations multiple-choice questions from General.

1. ATP depletion in cell injury first impairs which cellular process?

   • A. Na+/K+-ATPase pump function
   • B. DNA replication
   • C. Protein glycosylation
   • D. Microtubule assembly
   • E. Collagen synthesis

2. Which feature most reliably distinguishes irreversible from reversible cell injury?

   • A. Cellular swelling
   • B. Mild ATP depletion
   • C. Plasma membrane damage
   • D. Ribosomal detachment
   • E. Mitochondrial swelling alone

3. Sustained intracellular calcium influx during cell injury activates which class of damaging enzymes?

   • A. DNA polymerases
   • B. RNA helicases
   • C. Glycogen synthases
   • D. Topoisomerases
   • E. Phospholipases, proteases

4. Cellular atrophy is mediated at the molecular level primarily through which pathway?

   • A. Complement-mediated lysis
   • B. Direct caspase-independent necrosis
   • C. Telomerase reactivation
   • D. Mitochondrial DNA deletion
   • E. Ubiquitin-proteasome degradation

5. Which morphologic feature is characteristic of apoptosis rather than necrosis?

   • A. Cell swelling
   • B. Random DNA degradation
   • C. Plasma membrane rupture
   • D. Inflammatory cell infiltration
   • E. Chromatin condensation, apoptotic bodies

6. Which of the following is NOT a common recognized cause of pathologic atrophy?

7. Dry gangrene differs from wet gangrene primarily by which feature?

8. Which is a classic example of physiologic hypertrophy?

9. Coagulative necrosis is defined by which histologic feature?

10. Free radicals cause cell injury primarily through which mechanism?

11. Which protein family primarily regulates the mitochondrial (intrinsic) pathway of apoptosis?

12. In hypoxic cell injury, which event occurs earliest in the injury sequence?

13. Endometrial hyperplasia from prolonged unopposed estrogen stimulation carries increased risk for which complication?

14. What morphologic feature is classically described as "caseous" necrosis?

15. Why is metaplasia clinically significant despite being a reversible adaptation?

16. Reperfusion after a period of ischemia can paradoxically worsen tissue injury through which mechanism?

17. The extrinsic pathway of apoptosis is classically triggered by which interaction?

18. The mitochondrial permeability transition pore is significant because its opening marks which event?

19. Lysosomal membrane rupture during severe cell injury contributes to cell death through which mechanism?

20. Cervical squamous metaplasia occurring at the transformation zone is clinically significant because of its association with which risk factor?

21. Compensatory liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy is an example of which adaptive process?

22. Cellular (hydropic) swelling is considered which stage of cell injury?

23. Chronic smoking classically induces which type of epithelial metaplasia in the bronchi?

24. Liquefactive necrosis is most characteristic of which tissue or process?

25. Pathologic cardiac hypertrophy from chronic hypertension eventually risks which outcome?

26. Fat necrosis in acute pancreatitis results from which process?

27. Fibrinoid necrosis is most characteristically seen in which condition?

28. Which enzyme converts superoxide radicals into hydrogen peroxide?

29. Which feature most clearly distinguishes dysplasia from simple metaplasia?

30. Autophagy during cellular stress serves which general function?