Renal & Urinary Symptoms — General Medicine

Renal & Urinary Symptoms MCQs: practice questions

Sample Renal & Urinary Symptoms multiple-choice questions from General Medicine.

1. A patient with long-standing diabetes develops proteinuria and progressive renal dysfunction. Which glomerular change is characteristic?

   • A. Subepithelial humps
   • B. Nodular mesangial sclerosis
   • C. Isolated foot-process fusion
   • D. Crescents only
   • E. Linear basement membrane staining

2. A patient has chronic renal failure with metabolic acidosis. Which renal function is most directly impaired?

   • A. Albumin synthesis
   • B. Bile secretion
   • C. Insulin secretion
   • D. Pulmonary ventilation
   • E. Acid excretion and bicarbonate homeostasis

3. A patient develops acute urinary retention from prostatic enlargement. Which type of kidney dysfunction can result from persistent obstruction?

   • A. Nephrotic syndrome
   • B. Isolated glomerulonephritis
   • C. Fanconi syndrome
   • D. Postrenal azotemia
   • E. Prerenal azotemia only

4. A patient has recurrent episodes of gross hematuria occurring soon after upper respiratory infections. Which glomerular disease is most likely?

   • A. Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis
   • B. IgA nephropathy
   • C. Goodpasture syndrome
   • D. Diabetic nephropathy
   • E. Membranous nephropathy

5. A patient with renal disease develops generalized edema. Which mechanism most directly contributes to edema in nephrotic syndrome?

   • A. Increased lymphatic drainage
   • B. Loss of plasma albumin in urine
   • C. Reduced glomerular permeability
   • D. Reduced sodium retention
   • E. Increased plasma oncotic pressure

6. A patient has glycosuria despite normal blood glucose, aminoaciduria, phosphate wasting, and metabolic acidosis. Which tubular segment is primarily affected?

7. A patient has hemoptysis and hematuria with rapidly progressive renal failure. Which disease should be suspected?

8. A patient with nephrotic syndrome develops a thrombotic complication. Which mechanism contributes to the increased thrombosis risk?

9. A patient with long-standing analgesic exposure develops papillary necrosis. Which additional finding may occur?

10. A patient develops acute kidney injury after prolonged hypotension. Which lesion is most likely?

11. A patient has recurrent urinary tract infections and renal scarring. Which chronic renal lesion is most consistent with repeated ascending infection?

12. A patient has flank pain, hematuria, and a stone composed of calcium oxalate. Which condition is associated with renal calculi?

13. A young child has marked proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, and edema that responds to corticosteroids. Which disease is most likely?

14. A patient with acute kidney injury develops hyperkalemia and ECG abnormalities. Why is this complication dangerous?

15. A patient with membranous glomerulonephritis has nephrotic syndrome. Which microscopic feature is characteristic?

16. A patient has severe hypertension, headache, and renal dysfunction. Which vascular lesion is associated with malignant hypertension?

17. A patient has hematuria and a kidney mass. Which renal tumor commonly presents with hematuria and can produce paraneoplastic findings?

18. A patient with enlarged bilateral kidneys has a family history of similar disease and cerebral aneurysms. Which diagnosis is most likely?

19. A patient has edema, heavy proteinuria, and hyperlipidemia. Which syndrome is being described?

20. A patient has recurrent flank pain and hematuria. Imaging reveals branching stones associated with recurrent urinary infection. Which stone type is most likely?

21. A patient with chronic kidney disease develops uremic symptoms. Which finding is most directly related to accumulation of retained metabolic products?

22. A patient with hematuria has red blood cell casts in the urine. Which anatomic site is most likely the source of bleeding?

23. A patient has painless gross hematuria and a history of smoking. Which urinary tract malignancy should be considered?

24. A patient with systemic lupus erythematosus develops renal dysfunction. Which renal lesion is particularly severe and associated with subendothelial immune complex deposition?

25. A patient with a rapidly progressive glomerular disease develops crescents in Bowman's space. Which syndrome does this morphology indicate?

26. A patient develops nephrotic syndrome due to amyloid deposition. Which stain is useful for confirming amyloid?

27. A child develops periorbital edema, hematuria, and hypertension after a recent streptococcal infection. Which syndrome is most likely?

28. A patient has chronic kidney disease with anemia. Which mechanism contributes most directly to the anemia?

29. A patient has severe hypertension with a small, granular kidney and chronic arteriolar changes. Which process is most likely?

30. A patient with crush injury develops oliguria and dark urine. Which renal injury is most likely?